635 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
635 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# Qt6 应用程序部署指南
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本指南详细说明如何将 Qt6 GUI 应用程序（`agv_qt_gui.exe`）部署到其他计算机，使其能够独立运行而无需安装 Qt。
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## 📋 目录
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- [部署方法概述](#部署方法概述)
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- [方法 1: 使用 windeployqt（推荐）](#方法-1-使用-windeployqt推荐)
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- [方法 2: 手动复制依赖](#方法-2-手动复制依赖)
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- [方法 3: 静态链接](#方法-3-静态链接)
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- [Linux 部署](#linux-部署)
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- [测试部署包](#测试部署包)
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- [常见问题](#常见问题)
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---
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## 部署方法概述
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Qt 应用程序部署有三种主要方法：
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| 方法 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 |
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|------|------|------|---------|
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| **windeployqt** | 自动、快速、简单 | 包体积较大（~50MB） | 推荐，适合大多数情况 |
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| **手动复制** | 精确控制，体积可优化 | 需要手动查找依赖 | 高级用户，需要精简包 |
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| **静态链接** | 单一可执行文件，最小依赖 | 编译慢，体积大（~30MB） | 商业发布 |
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---
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## 方法 1: 使用 windeployqt（推荐）
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`windeployqt` 是 Qt 官方提供的部署工具，可自动收集所有必需的 DLL、插件和资源。
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### Windows (MinGW) 部署
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#### 步骤 1: 创建部署目录
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```bash
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# 在项目根目录下创建发布目录
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mkdir -p release_package
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cd release_package
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```
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#### 步骤 2: 复制可执行文件
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```bash
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# 复制编译好的 exe
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cp ../build/agv_qt_gui.exe .
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# 复制必需的数据文件（如果有）
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# cp -r ../data .
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# cp -r ../config .
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```
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#### 步骤 3: 运行 windeployqt
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```bash
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# 添加 Qt bin 目录到 PATH（临时）
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export PATH=/c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin:$PATH
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# 运行 windeployqt
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windeployqt agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 或者使用完整路径
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/c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/windeployqt.exe agv_qt_gui.exe
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```
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**参数说明：**
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```bash
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# 基本部署
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windeployqt agv_qt_gui.exe
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# Release 模式（不包含调试信息）
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windeployqt --release agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 指定编译器
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windeployqt --compiler-runtime agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 显示详细信息
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windeployqt --verbose 2 agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 不复制编译器运行时
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windeployqt --no-compiler-runtime agv_qt_gui.exe
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```
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#### 步骤 4: 添加 MinGW 运行时（如需要）
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```bash
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# 复制 MinGW 运行时 DLL
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libstdc++-6.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libwinpthread-1.dll .
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```
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#### 步骤 5: 复制 ControlCAN 库（AGV 特定）
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```bash
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# 复制 CAN 通信库
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cp ../lib/ControlCAN.dll . # 如果存在 DLL 版本
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```
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#### 步骤 6: 创建启动脚本（可选）
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创建 `run.bat`:
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```batch
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@echo off
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echo Starting AGV Path Tracking GUI...
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agv_qt_gui.exe
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if errorlevel 1 (
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echo Program exited with error code %errorlevel%
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pause
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)
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```
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#### 完整自动化脚本
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创建 `deploy_windows.sh`:
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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# Qt6 部署脚本 for Windows MinGW
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# 配置
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QT_DIR="/c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64"
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MINGW_DIR="/c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64"
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BUILD_DIR="../build"
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DEPLOY_DIR="release_package"
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EXE_NAME="agv_qt_gui.exe"
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echo "=== AGV Qt6 GUI 部署脚本 ==="
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# 1. 创建部署目录
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echo "[1/6] 创建部署目录..."
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rm -rf "$DEPLOY_DIR"
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mkdir -p "$DEPLOY_DIR"
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# 2. 复制可执行文件
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echo "[2/6] 复制可执行文件..."
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if [ ! -f "$BUILD_DIR/$EXE_NAME" ]; then
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echo "错误: 找不到 $BUILD_DIR/$EXE_NAME"
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echo "请先编译项目！"
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exit 1
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fi
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cp "$BUILD_DIR/$EXE_NAME" "$DEPLOY_DIR/"
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# 3. 运行 windeployqt
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echo "[3/6] 运行 windeployqt..."
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cd "$DEPLOY_DIR"
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"$QT_DIR/bin/windeployqt.exe" --release --no-translations "$EXE_NAME"
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# 4. 复制 MinGW 运行时
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echo "[4/6] 复制 MinGW 运行时..."
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cp "$MINGW_DIR/bin/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll" .
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cp "$MINGW_DIR/bin/libstdc++-6.dll" .
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cp "$MINGW_DIR/bin/libwinpthread-1.dll" .
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# 5. 复制 CAN 库（如果存在）
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echo "[5/6] 复制 CAN 库..."
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if [ -f "../lib/ControlCAN.dll" ]; then
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cp "../lib/ControlCAN.dll" .
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fi
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# 6. 创建启动脚本
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echo "[6/6] 创建启动脚本..."
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cat > run.bat << 'EOF'
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@echo off
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echo ========================================
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echo AGV Path Tracking Control System
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echo Qt6 GUI Application
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echo ========================================
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echo.
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agv_qt_gui.exe
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if errorlevel 1 (
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echo.
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echo Program exited with error code %errorlevel%
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pause
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)
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EOF
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cd ..
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# 显示结果
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echo ""
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echo "=== 部署完成！ ==="
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echo "部署目录: $DEPLOY_DIR"
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echo "可执行文件: $EXE_NAME"
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echo ""
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echo "目录内容:"
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ls -lh "$DEPLOY_DIR" | head -20
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# 计算大小
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TOTAL_SIZE=$(du -sh "$DEPLOY_DIR" | cut -f1)
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echo ""
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echo "总大小: $TOTAL_SIZE"
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echo ""
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echo "现在可以将 '$DEPLOY_DIR' 文件夹复制到其他计算机运行！"
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```
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使用部署脚本：
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```bash
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chmod +x deploy_windows.sh
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./deploy_windows.sh
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```
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---
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### Windows (MSVC) 部署
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与 MinGW 类似，但需要使用 MSVC 版本的 Qt 和运行时：
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```bash
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# 使用 MSVC 版 Qt
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C:\Qt\6.10.1\msvc2019_64\bin\windeployqt.exe --release agv_qt_gui.exe
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# MSVC 运行时通常由 windeployqt 自动包含
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# 如果没有，需要安装 Visual C++ Redistributable
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```
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---
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## 方法 2: 手动复制依赖
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如果需要精确控制部署内容或 `windeployqt` 不可用：
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### 步骤 1: 确定依赖的 DLL
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使用 `ldd` 或 `depends.exe` 查看依赖：
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```bash
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# 使用 ldd (Git Bash / MSYS2)
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ldd build/agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 输出示例:
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# Qt6Core.dll
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# Qt6Gui.dll
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# Qt6Widgets.dll
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# libgcc_s_seh-1.dll
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# libstdc++-6.dll
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# libwinpthread-1.dll
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```
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### 步骤 2: 复制核心 Qt DLL
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```bash
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cd release_package
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# Qt6 核心库
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/Qt6Core.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/Qt6Gui.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/Qt6Widgets.dll .
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```
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### 步骤 3: 复制平台插件
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```bash
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# 创建 platforms 目录
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mkdir -p platforms
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# 复制 Windows 平台插件
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll platforms/
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```
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### 步骤 4: 复制样式插件（可选）
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```bash
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# 创建 styles 目录
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mkdir -p styles
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# 复制 Windows 样式
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/plugins/styles/qwindowsvistastyle.dll styles/
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```
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### 步骤 5: 复制编译器运行时
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```bash
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# MinGW 运行时
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libstdc++-6.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libwinpthread-1.dll .
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```
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### 最小部署结构
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```
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release_package/
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├── agv_qt_gui.exe # 主程序
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├── Qt6Core.dll # Qt 核心
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├── Qt6Gui.dll # Qt GUI
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├── Qt6Widgets.dll # Qt Widgets
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├── libgcc_s_seh-1.dll # GCC 运行时
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├── libstdc++-6.dll # C++ 标准库
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├── libwinpthread-1.dll # 线程库
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├── ControlCAN.dll # CAN 通信库（如需要）
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└── platforms/ # 平台插件目录
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└── qwindows.dll # Windows 平台插件
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```
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---
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## 方法 3: 静态链接
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静态链接将所有依赖编译进可执行文件，生成单一的 exe（但需要静态版 Qt）。
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### 前提条件
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- 需要从源码编译静态版 Qt6（耗时较长）
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- 或者购买商业版 Qt（包含静态库）
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### 编译静态 Qt6
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```bash
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# 下载 Qt 源码
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git clone https://code.qt.io/qt/qt5.git qt6-static
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cd qt6-static
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git checkout 6.10.1
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# 配置静态编译
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./configure -static -prefix C:/Qt/6.10.1-static -release -nomake examples -nomake tests
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# 编译（需要数小时）
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cmake --build . --parallel
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cmake --install .
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```
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### 使用静态 Qt 编译项目
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```bash
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cd build
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cmake -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=C:/Qt/6.10.1-static ..
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cmake --build . --config Release
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```
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静态编译的 exe 大约 30-50MB，但不需要任何 DLL。
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---
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## Linux 部署
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### 使用系统包管理器（推荐）
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```bash
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# Ubuntu/Debian
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sudo apt install qt6-base-dev
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# 用户安装后从包管理器安装 Qt6 即可运行
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```
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### 使用 AppImage（便携）
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创建 AppImage 可部署到任何 Linux 发行版：
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```bash
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# 安装 linuxdeployqt
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wget https://github.com/probonopd/linuxdeployqt/releases/download/continuous/linuxdeployqt-continuous-x86_64.AppImage
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chmod +x linuxdeployqt-continuous-x86_64.AppImage
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# 准备 AppDir
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mkdir -p AppDir/usr/bin
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cp build/agv_qt_gui AppDir/usr/bin/
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# 创建 desktop 文件
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cat > AppDir/agv_qt_gui.desktop << EOF
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[Desktop Entry]
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Type=Application
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Name=AGV Path Tracking
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Exec=agv_qt_gui
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Icon=agv_icon
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Categories=Development;
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EOF
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# 运行 linuxdeployqt
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./linuxdeployqt-continuous-x86_64.AppImage AppDir/usr/bin/agv_qt_gui -appimage
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# 生成 agv_qt_gui-x86_64.AppImage
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```
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---
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## 测试部署包
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### 在干净环境中测试
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**方法 1: 使用虚拟机**
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- 创建 Windows 虚拟机（VirtualBox / VMware）
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- 不安装 Qt 和 MinGW
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- 复制 `release_package` 文件夹
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- 运行 `agv_qt_gui.exe`
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**方法 2: 使用其他电脑**
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- 找一台没有安装 Qt 的电脑
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- 复制部署包
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- 双击运行
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**方法 3: 临时重命名 Qt 目录**
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```bash
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# 重命名 Qt 目录（临时测试）
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mv /c/Qt /c/Qt_backup
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# 测试部署的程序
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cd release_package
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./agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 测试完成后恢复
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mv /c/Qt_backup /c/Qt
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```
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### 检查清单
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- [ ] 程序能正常启动
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- [ ] 主窗口正常显示
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- [ ] 所有控件可交互
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- [ ] 路径生成功能正常
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- [ ] CSV 文件加载正常
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- [ ] 动画播放正常
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- [ ] 没有"缺少 DLL"错误
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---
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## 常见问题
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### 问题 1: 启动时报错"缺少 Qt6Core.dll"
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**原因:** Qt 核心库未包含
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**解决方案:**
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```bash
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# 重新运行 windeployqt
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cd release_package
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/c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/windeployqt.exe agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 或手动复制
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/bin/Qt6Core.dll .
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```
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---
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### 问题 2: 启动时报错"找不到平台插件 'windows'"
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**原因:** 缺少平台插件
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**解决方案:**
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```bash
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mkdir -p platforms
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cp /c/Qt/6.10.1/mingw_64/plugins/platforms/qwindows.dll platforms/
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```
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---
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### 问题 3: 程序启动后立即崩溃
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**原因:** 缺少 MinGW 运行时或编译器不匹配
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**解决方案:**
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```bash
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# 复制 MinGW 运行时
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libstdc++-6.dll .
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cp /c/Qt/Tools/mingw1310_64/bin/libwinpthread-1.dll .
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```
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---
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### 问题 4: 部署包过大（>100MB）
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**原因:** windeployqt 包含了不必要的文件
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**优化方案:**
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```bash
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# 使用精简选项
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windeployqt --release --no-translations --no-system-d3d-compiler agv_qt_gui.exe
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# 删除不需要的插件
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rm -rf iconengines imageformats/qtiff.dll imageformats/qwebp.dll
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# 删除调试符号
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find . -name "*.pdb" -delete
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```
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---
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### 问题 5: 中文路径显示乱码
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**原因:** 缺少字体或编码设置
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**解决方案:**
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```bash
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# 确保使用 UTF-8 编码
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# 在程序开始时添加：
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QTextCodec::setCodecForLocale(QTextCodec::codecForName("UTF-8"));
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```
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---
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## 部署包优化
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### 减小体积
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```bash
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# 1. 删除不需要的翻译文件
|
||
rm -rf translations
|
||
|
||
# 2. 删除不需要的图像格式插件
|
||
cd imageformats
|
||
rm -f qicns.dll qico.dll qtga.dll qtiff.dll qwbmp.dll qwebp.dll
|
||
cd ..
|
||
|
||
# 3. 使用 UPX 压缩（可选）
|
||
upx --best agv_qt_gui.exe
|
||
upx --best *.dll
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 创建安装程序
|
||
|
||
使用 NSIS 或 Inno Setup 创建安装程序：
|
||
|
||
**Inno Setup 示例脚本 (deploy.iss):**
|
||
```ini
|
||
[Setup]
|
||
AppName=AGV Path Tracking
|
||
AppVersion=1.0
|
||
DefaultDirName={pf}\AGV Path Tracking
|
||
DefaultGroupName=AGV Tools
|
||
OutputDir=installer
|
||
OutputBaseFilename=AGV_PathTracking_Setup
|
||
|
||
[Files]
|
||
Source: "release_package\*"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: recursesubdirs
|
||
|
||
[Icons]
|
||
Name: "{group}\AGV Path Tracking"; Filename: "{app}\agv_qt_gui.exe"
|
||
Name: "{commondesktop}\AGV Path Tracking"; Filename: "{app}\agv_qt_gui.exe"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
编译安装程序：
|
||
```bash
|
||
iscc deploy.iss
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 部署检查脚本
|
||
|
||
创建 `check_deployment.sh`:
|
||
```bash
|
||
#!/bin/bash
|
||
|
||
DEPLOY_DIR="release_package"
|
||
EXE="agv_qt_gui.exe"
|
||
|
||
echo "=== AGV Qt6 部署检查 ==="
|
||
echo ""
|
||
|
||
# 1. 检查可执行文件
|
||
if [ -f "$DEPLOY_DIR/$EXE" ]; then
|
||
echo "✓ 可执行文件存在"
|
||
else
|
||
echo "✗ 缺少可执行文件"
|
||
exit 1
|
||
fi
|
||
|
||
# 2. 检查必需的 DLL
|
||
REQUIRED_DLLS=(
|
||
"Qt6Core.dll"
|
||
"Qt6Gui.dll"
|
||
"Qt6Widgets.dll"
|
||
"libgcc_s_seh-1.dll"
|
||
"libstdc++-6.dll"
|
||
"libwinpthread-1.dll"
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
cd "$DEPLOY_DIR"
|
||
for dll in "${REQUIRED_DLLS[@]}"; do
|
||
if [ -f "$dll" ]; then
|
||
echo "✓ $dll"
|
||
else
|
||
echo "✗ 缺少 $dll"
|
||
fi
|
||
done
|
||
|
||
# 3. 检查平台插件
|
||
if [ -f "platforms/qwindows.dll" ]; then
|
||
echo "✓ platforms/qwindows.dll"
|
||
else
|
||
echo "✗ 缺少 platforms/qwindows.dll"
|
||
fi
|
||
|
||
# 4. 计算总大小
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "部署包大小:"
|
||
du -sh .
|
||
|
||
# 5. 列出所有 DLL
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "包含的 DLL 文件:"
|
||
find . -name "*.dll" | wc -l
|
||
echo "个文件"
|
||
|
||
cd ..
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "检查完成！"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 总结
|
||
|
||
### 推荐的部署流程
|
||
|
||
1. **开发阶段**: 使用完整 Qt 开发环境
|
||
2. **测试阶段**: 使用 `windeployqt` 创建部署包
|
||
3. **发布阶段**: 优化部署包，创建安装程序
|
||
|
||
### 部署清单
|
||
|
||
- [ ] 编译 Release 版本
|
||
- [ ] 运行 `windeployqt`
|
||
- [ ] 复制 MinGW 运行时
|
||
- [ ] 复制项目特定依赖（ControlCAN.dll）
|
||
- [ ] 在干净环境测试
|
||
- [ ] 优化体积
|
||
- [ ] 创建安装程序（可选）
|
||
- [ ] 编写用户手册
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 相关资源
|
||
|
||
- **Qt 官方文档**: [Deploying Qt Applications](https://doc.qt.io/qt-6/deployment.html)
|
||
- **windeployqt 文档**: [Qt for Windows - Deployment](https://doc.qt.io/qt-6/windows-deployment.html)
|
||
- **依赖检查工具**: [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/)
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
**最后更新:** 2025-11-27
|
||
**Qt 版本:** 6.10.1
|
||
**平台:** Windows MinGW, Windows MSVC, Linux
|